Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.378 billion baptized Catholics worldwide It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 ''sui iuris'' churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The Diocese of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small independent city-state and enclave within the Italian capital city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed. The Catholic Church teaches that it is the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission, that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles, and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter, upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ. It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith taught by the apostles, preserving the faith infallibly through scripture and sacred tradition as authentically interpreted through the magisterium of the church. The Roman Rite and others of the Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic liturgies, and institutes such as mendicant orders, enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church.
Of its seven sacraments, the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest, the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The Virgin Mary is venerated as the Perpetual Virgin, Mother of God, and Queen of Heaven; she is honoured in dogmas and devotions.|}} Catholic social teaching emphasizes voluntary support for the sick, the poor, and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church operates tens of thousands of Catholic schools, universities and colleges, hospitals, and orphanages around the world, and is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world. Among its other social services are numerous charitable and humanitarian organizations.
The Catholic Church has profoundly influenced Western philosophy, culture, art, literature, music, law, and science. Catholics live all over the world through missions, colonization, diaspora, and conversions. Since the 20th century, the majority have resided in the Southern Hemisphere, partially due to secularization in Europe and increased persecution in the Middle East. The Catholic Church shared communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East–West Schism in 1054, disputing particularly the authority of the pope. Before the Council of Ephesus in AD 431, the Church of the East also shared in this communion, as did the Oriental Orthodox Churches before the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451; all separated primarily over differences in Christology. The Eastern Catholic Churches, who have a combined membership of approximately 18 million, represent a body of Eastern Christians who returned or remained in communion with the pope during or following these schisms for a variety of historical circumstances. In the 16th century, the Reformation led to the formation of separate, Protestant groups. From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticized for its teachings on sexuality, its doctrine against ordaining women, and its handling of sexual abuse cases involving clergy.
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101by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1931
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102by Catholic Church. Congregatio Sacrorum RituumLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1968
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103by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1965
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104by Catholic Church. Congregatio Sacrorum RituumLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1964
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105by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1986
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106by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1974
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107by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Santa Fe.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1976
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108by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1996
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109by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1984
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110by Catholic Church. Diocese of Scranton (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1988
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111by Catholic Church. Diocese of Harrisburg (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1935
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112by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1988
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113by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1934?
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114by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1978
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115by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1978
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116by Catholic Church. Byzantine Rite (Ukrainian)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1958
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117by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1975
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118by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1978
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119by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created c. 1912
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120by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created c. 1934
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121by Catholic Church. Diocese of Allentown (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1966
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122by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1966
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123by Catholic Church. Plenary Council of BaltimoreLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 188?
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124by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1985
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125by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1961
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126by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1981
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127by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1934
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128by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1873
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129Sacred music and the sacred liturgy; instruction of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, Sept. 3, 1958.by Catholic Church. Congregatio Sacrorum Rituum.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1958
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130by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Chicago (Ill.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1980
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131by Catholic Church. Congregatio pro Episcopis.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1978
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132by Catholic Church. Canadian Catholic Conference.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1976
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133by Catholic Church. Sacred Congregation of the ClergyLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1971
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134by Catholic Church. Congregatio Sacrorum Rituum.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1967
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135by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 2007
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136by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Chicago (Ill.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1908
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137by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1915
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138by Catholic Church. Diocese of Baltimore (Md.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1874
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139by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1897
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140by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of New YorkLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1944
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141by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1919
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142by Catholic Church. Catholic Bishops of Pennsylvania.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1976
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143by Catholic Church. Congregatio Sacrorum Rituum.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1959
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144by Catholic Church, Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 2008
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145by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1947
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146by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1982
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147by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1990
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148by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1966
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149by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1969
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150by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1975
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