Mexico
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Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico dates back to 8,000 BC, making it one of the world's six cradles of civilization. The Mesoamerican region hosted various intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. The Aztecs came to dominate the area prior to European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire, alongside indigenous allies, conquered the Aztec Empire, establishing the colony of New Spain centered in the former capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). Over the next three centuries, Spain expanded its territorial control, enforced Christianity, and spread the Spanish language, with the colony's rich silver deposits fueling its empire. The colonial era ended in the early 19th century with the Mexican War of Independence.
Following independence, Mexico faced political and socioeconomic upheaval. The United States' invasion during the Mexican–American War resulted in significant territorial losses in 1848. Liberal reforms introduced in the Constitution of 1857 prompted domestic conflict, French intervention, and the establishment of an Empire, countered by the Republican resistance led by Benito Juárez. The late 19th century saw the rise of Porfirio Díaz's dictatorship, sparking the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which led to profound changes, including the 1917 Constitution. A succession of presidents, often former generals, persisted until the emergence of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1929. Over the next 70 years of PRI rule, Mexico experienced significant economic growth, but also faced issues of repression and electoral fraud. The late twentieth century saw a shift towards neoliberal policies, exemplified by the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, amidst social unrest and indigenous rebellion in Chiapas. In 2000, the PRI lost the presidency for the first time to the conservative National Action Party (PAN).
Mexico is newly industrialized and developing country, with the world's 15th-largest economy by nominal GDP and 11th-largest by PPP; the United States is its largest economic partner. Mexico ranks first in the Americas and seventh in the world by the number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is also one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries, ranking fifth in natural biodiversity. Mexico's rich cultural and biological heritage, as well as varied climate and geography, makes it a major tourist destination: as of 2022, it is the sixth most-visited country in the world, with 42.2 million international arrivals. Mexico's large economy and population, global cultural influence (particularly in cuisine, media, and art), and steady democratization make it a regional and middle power, and it is increasingly identified as an emerging power by several analysts.
Although Mexico has made significant political and socioeconomic gains in recent decades, ranking 77th in the Human Development Index, it continues to struggle with social inequality, poverty, systemic corruption, and extensive crime. Since 2006, an ongoing conflict between drug trafficking syndicates has led to over 120,000 deaths. Mexico is a member of United Nations, the G20, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, the Organization of American States, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, and the Organization of Ibero-American States. Provided by Wikipedia
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51Created 1751“...Congregacion de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Mexico, Madrid...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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52Created 2006“...Pax Christi New Mexico...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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53by Arizmendi Esquivel, Felipe“...Catholic Church. Diocese of San Cristóbal de Las Casas (Mexico)...”
Created 2005
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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54by Pompa y Pompa, Antonio“...Basílica de Santa María Guadalupe (Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico)...”
Created 1938
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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55Created 2002“...Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico)...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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56by Burgoa, Francisco de, 1605-1681“...Apoyo al Desarrollo de Archivos y Bibliotecas de México (Association)...”
Created 2011
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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57Created 2012“...Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (Mexico)...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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58Created 2012“...Santuario de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles (Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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59Created 2010“...Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
Online Access
Online Access
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60Created 2010“...Congreso Internacional sobre los Dominicos y el Nuevo Mundo Oaxaca, Mexico...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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61Created 1855“...Catholic Church. Diocese of Guadalajara (Mexico). Bishop (1853-1862 : Espinosa y Dávalos)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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62Created 2013“...Centro María Reina de la Paz Toluca (Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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63Created 1659“...Catholic Church. Diocese of Puebla (Mexico). Bishop (1639-1653 : Palafox y Mendoza)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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66Created 1791“...Colegio de Propaganda Fide (Pachuca, Mexico)...”
Location: Copley Library, University of San Diego
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67by García Ibarra, José de Jesús“...Catholic Church. Diocese de San Juan de los Lagos (Jalisco, Mexico). Comisión de Liturgia...”
Created 1995
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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68Created 1698“...Franciscans. Provincia de San Diego de México...”
Location: Copley Library, University of San Diego
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69by Munguía, Clemente de Jesús, 1810-1868“...Catholic Church. Diocese of Michoacán de Ocampo (Mexico). Obispo (1850-1862 : Munguía)...”
Created 1860
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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70by Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de, 1600-1659“...Catholic Church. Diocese of Puebla (Mexico). Bishop (1640-1655 : Palafox y Mendoza)...”
Created 1659
Location: Copley Library, University of San Diego
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71“...Catholic Church. Diocese of Puebla (Mexico). Bishop (1640-1655 : Palafox y Mendoza)...”
Location: Copley Library, University of San Diego
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72Created 1991“...Chiapas (Mexico). Consejo Estatal de Fomento a la Investigación y Difusión de la Cultura...”
Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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