Spain
Spain,, }} or the Kingdom of Spain,}} is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa. It is the largest country in Southern Europe and the fourth-most populous European Union member state. Spanning across the majority of the Iberian Peninsula, its territory also includes the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla in Africa. Peninsular Spain is bordered to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea and Gibraltar; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid, and other major urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Zaragoza, Seville, Málaga, Murcia, Palma de Mallorca, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Bilbao.In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Celtic and Iberian tribes, along with other local pre-Roman peoples. With the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the province of Hispania was established. Following the Romanization and Christianization of Hispania, the fall of the Western Roman Empire ushered in the inward migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Visigoths, who formed the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate, and during early Islamic rule, Al-Andalus became a dominant peninsular power centred in Córdoba. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the ''Reconquista'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492. The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a nation-state.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain pioneered the exploration of the New World and the first circumnavigation of the globe. At the same time, it formed one of the largest empires in history through colonization. The Spanish empire reached a global scale and spread across continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by precious metals. The 18th century was marked by extensive reforms and, notably, the Bourbon reforms centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious Spanish War of independence, the following political divisions between liberals and absolutists led to the breakaway of most of the American colonies. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the Spanish Civil War, giving rise to the Francoist dictatorship that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an economic boom that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the ''Siglo de Oro'', Spanish art, architecture, music, poetry, painting, literature, and cuisine have been influential worldwide, particularly in Western Europe and the Americas. Spain is one of the main nations of Latin Europe and a cultural superpower. As a reflection of its large cultural wealth, Spain is the world's second-most visited country, has one of the world's largest numbers of World Heritage Sites, and it is the most popular destination for European students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language and the world's most widely spoken Romance language.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. It is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP (fourth of the European Union) and the fifteenth-largest by PPP. Spain is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a permanent guest of the G20, and is part of many other international organizations such as the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Provided by Wikipedia
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51Created 1771“...Spain. Sovereign (1759-1788 : Charles III)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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52Created 1766“...Spain. Sovereign (1759-1788 : Charles III)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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53Created 1767“...Spain. Sovereign (1759-1788 : Charles III)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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54Created 1611“...Spain. Sovereign (1598-1621 : Philip III)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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55Created 1744“...Spain. Sovereign (1700-1746 : Philip V)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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56Created 1744“...Spain. Sovereign (1700-1746 : Philip V)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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57Created 1979“...International Congress of canon law Pamplona, Spain...”
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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58by Flórez, Enrique, 1702-1773“...Real Academia de la Historia (Spain)...”
Created 1747
Location: Falvey Library, Villanova University
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59by Vega, Ángel Custodio, 1894-1972“...Real Academia de la Historia (Spain)...”
Created 1950
Location: Falvey Library, Villanova University
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60Created 1788“...Spain. Sovereign (1759-1788 : Charles III)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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61Created 1773“...Spain. Sovereign (1759-1788 : Charles III)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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62Created 1734“...Colegio de Niñas Huerfanas (Madrid, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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63Created 1781“...Colegio de Niñas Huerfanas (Madrid, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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64by Diaz de Cossio, Pedro“...Archicofradía del Santísimo Sacramento (Madrid, Spain)...”
Created 1671
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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65by torquemada, Thomas de, -1657“...Colegio de San Ignacio (Valladolid, Spain)...”
Created 1650
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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66Created 2005“...Centro de Pastoral Litúrgica (Barcelona, Spain)...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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67Created 1960“...Semana de Derecho Canonico Granada, Spain...”
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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68Created 1974“...General Chapter of the Order of Friars Minor Madrid, Spain...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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69
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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70
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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71Created 1998“...Catholic Church. Diocese of Tarazona de Argón (Spain)...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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72Created 1974“...Franciscan Tertiary Inter-Obediential Congress Madrid, Spain...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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73by Barreiro, Agustín, 1865-1936“...Spain. Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas...”
Created 1926
Location: Falvey Library, Villanova University
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74by Venegas, Miguel, 1680-1764Other Authors: “...Ferdinard VI, King of Spain, 1713-1759...”
Created 1759
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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75“...Nuestra Señora de las Maravillas (Convent : Madrid, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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76Created 1869“...Pontificia y Real Academia Bibliográfico Mariana (Lérida, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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77Created 1884“...Pontificia y Real Academia Bibliográfico Mariana (Lérida, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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78Created 2020“...Biblioteca Nacional (Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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79Created 1868“...Pontificia y Real Academia Bibliográfico Mariana (Lérida, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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80Created 1899“...Pontificia y Real Academia Bibliográfico Mariana (Lérida, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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81Created 1920“...Pontificia y Real Academia Bibliográfico Mariana (Lérida, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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82Created 1864“...Pontificia y Real Academia Bibliográfico Mariana (Lérida, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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83Created 1948“...Pontificia y Real Academia Bibliográfico Mariana (Lérida, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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84Created 1785“...Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Toledo (Spain). Archbishop (1772-1800 : Lorenzana)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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85Created 1994“...Giornata di studio Salamanca, Spain...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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86Created 1749“...Hospital de San Antonio de los Alemanes (Madrid, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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87Created 1928“...Hermandad de Nuestra Senora de la Salud (Seville, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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88Created 1907“...Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis of the Immaculate Conception (Barcelona, Spain)...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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89Created 1781“...Hospital de San Antonio de los Alemanes (Madrid, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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90Created 1866“...Hermandad de Nuestra Senora del Refugio y Piedad (Saragossa, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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91Created 1997“...Coloquio Internacional de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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92by Salvador de Ortega, Luis“...Instituto Nacional de Enseñanza Media de San Isidro (Madrid, Spain). Iglesia...”
Created 1742
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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93Created 1947“...Santuari de la Mare de Déu de la Salut (Sabadell, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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94
Location: Gleeson Library, University of San Francisco
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95Created 2010“...Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spain)...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
Online Access
Online Access
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96by Lepe y Dorantes, Pedro de, 1641-1700“...Catholic Church. Diocese of Calahorra (Spain). Bishop (1686-1700 : Lepe y Dorantes)...”
Created 1699
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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97by Fernández Risco, Miguel“...Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Seville (Spain). Departamento Diocesano de Catequesis de Sevilla...”
Created 1997
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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98by Fernández Risco, Miguel“...Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Seville (Spain). Departamento Diocesano de Catequesis de Sevilla...”
Created 1996
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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99by Fernández Risco, Miguel“...Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Seville (Spain). Departamento Diocesano de Catequesis de Sevilla...”
Created 1996
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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100by Fernández Risco, Miguel“...Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Seville (Spain). Departamento Diocesano de Catequesis de Sevilla...”
Created 1995
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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