Pope Leo XIII

Official photograph, 1898{{efn|Portrait from the archives of the United States [[Library of Congress]]}} Pope Leo XIII (; born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci;; English: Joachim Vincent Raphael Louis Pecci.}} 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 until his death in July 1903. Living until the age of 93, he was the oldest pope, whose age can be validated, holding office (Benedict XVI became older (95) as Pope Emeritus), and had the fourth-longest reign of any pope, behind those of St. Peter, Pius IX (his immediate predecessor) and John Paul II.

He is well known for his intellectualism and his attempts to define the position of the Catholic Church with regard to modern thinking. In his famous 1891 encyclical ''Rerum novarum'', Pope Leo outlined the rights of workers to a fair wage, safe working conditions, and the formation of trade unions, while affirming the rights to property and free enterprise, opposing both socialism and ''laissez-faire'' capitalism. With that encyclical, he became popularly titled as the "Social Pope" and the "Pope of the Workers", also having created the foundations for modern thinking in the social doctrines of the Catholic Church, influencing the thoughts of his successors. He influenced the Mariology of the Catholic Church and promoted both the rosary and the scapular. Upon his election, he immediately sought to revive Thomism, the theological system of Thomas Aquinas, desiring to refer to it as the official theological and philosophical foundation for the Catholic Church. As a result, he sponsored the Editio Leonina in 1879.

Leo XIII is particularly remembered for his belief that pastoral activity in political sociology was also a vital mission of the church as a vehicle of social justice and maintaining the rights and dignities of the human person. Leo XIII issued a record of eleven papal encyclicals on the rosary, earning him the title of the "Rosary Pope". In addition, he approved two new Marian scapulars. He was the first pope never to have held any control over the Papal States, which had been dissolved by 1870, since Pope Stephen II in the Eighth Century. Similarly, many of his policies were oriented towards mitigating the loss of the Papal States in an attempt to overcome the loss of temporal power, but nonetheless continuing the Roman Question.

After his death in 1903, he was buried in the Vatican Grottoes before his remains were later transferred in 1924 to the Basilica of Saint John Lateran. Provided by Wikipedia
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    by Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903
    Created 1886
    Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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    Created 1919
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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    Created 1978
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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    Created 1895
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
    Book
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    Created 1949
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
    Book
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    Created 1952
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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    Created 1895
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
    Online Access
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    Created 1949
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
    Online Acess
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    Created 1883
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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    Created 1955
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
    Book
  47. 47
    Created 1998
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: UD University Archives, University of Dayton
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    Created 1891
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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    Created 1902
    Other Authors: ...Leo XIII, Pope, 1810-1903...
    Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
    Book