Spain
Spain,, }} or the Kingdom of Spain,}} is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa. It is the largest country in Southern Europe and the fourth-most populous European Union member state. Spanning across the majority of the Iberian Peninsula, its territory also includes the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla in Africa. Peninsular Spain is bordered to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea and Gibraltar; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid, and other major urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Zaragoza, Seville, Málaga, Murcia, Palma de Mallorca, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, and Bilbao.In early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Celtic and Iberian tribes, along with other local pre-Roman peoples. With the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the province of Hispania was established. Following the Romanization and Christianization of Hispania, the fall of the Western Roman Empire ushered in the inward migration of tribes from Central Europe, including the Visigoths, who formed the Visigothic Kingdom centred on Toledo. In the early eighth century, most of the peninsula was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate, and during early Islamic rule, Al-Andalus became a dominant peninsular power centred in Córdoba. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in Northern Iberia, chief among them Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal; made an intermittent southward military expansion and repopulation, known as the ''Reconquista'', repelling Islamic rule in Iberia, which culminated with the Christian seizure of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492. The dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1479 under the Catholic Monarchs is often considered the ''de facto'' unification of Spain as a nation-state.
During the Age of Discovery, Spain pioneered the exploration of the New World and the first circumnavigation of the globe. At the same time, it formed one of the largest empires in history through colonization. The Spanish empire reached a global scale and spread across continents, underpinning the rise of a global trading system fueled primarily by precious metals. The 18th century was marked by extensive reforms and, notably, the Bourbon reforms centralized mainland Spain. In the 19th century, after the Napoleonic occupation and the victorious Spanish War of independence, the following political divisions between liberals and absolutists led to the breakaway of most of the American colonies. These political divisions finally converged in the 20th century with the Spanish Civil War, giving rise to the Francoist dictatorship that lasted until 1975. With the restoration of democracy and its entry into the European Union, the country experienced an economic boom that profoundly transformed it socially and politically. Since the ''Siglo de Oro'', Spanish art, architecture, music, poetry, painting, literature, and cuisine have been influential worldwide, particularly in Western Europe and the Americas. Spain is one of the main nations of Latin Europe and a cultural superpower. As a reflection of its large cultural wealth, Spain is the world's second-most visited country, has one of the world's largest numbers of World Heritage Sites, and It's the most popular destination for European students. Its cultural influence extends to over 600 million Hispanophones, making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language and the world's most widely spoken Romance language.
Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. It is a major advanced capitalist economy, with the world's fifteenth-largest economy by nominal GDP (fourth of the European Union) and the fifteenth-largest by PPP. Spain is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the eurozone, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a permanent guest of the G20, and is part of many other international organizations such as the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). Provided by Wikipedia
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1by SpainLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1938
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2by Spain. Embajada (U.S.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created September, 1947
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3by Spain. Embajada. United States.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1949
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4by Ferdinand VII, King of Spain, 1784-1833Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
Created 1820
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8Created 1767Other Authors: “...Charles III, King of Spain, 1716-1788...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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15Created 2006“...Biblioteca Nacional (Spain)...”
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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16by Lopez, Domingo“...Spain. Imprenta Real...”
Created 1714
Location: Gleeson Library, University of San Francisco
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17by Suárez de Figueroa, Christóval“...Spain. Imprenta Real...”
Created 1614
Location: Gleeson Library, University of San Francisco
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Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
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19by Lamadrid, R.S. de“...Spain...”
Created 1937
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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20by Blanco, Pedro Luis“...Spain. Real Biblioteca...”
Created 1798
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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21by Girn̤ de Velasco, Jos ̌Antonio“...Spain. Ministerio de Trabajo...”
Created 1945
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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22Created 1790“...Consejo de Inquisición (Spain)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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23Created 1784“...Catholic Church in Spain. Councils...”
Location: John M. Kelly Library, St. Michael's College
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24by Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de, 1600-1659“...Consejo de Inquisición (Spain)...”
Created 1841
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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25Created 1973“...Estibaliz, Spain (Benedictine Monastery)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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26by Nebrija, Antonio de, 1444?-1522“...Imprenta Real (Madrid, Spain)...”
Created 1656
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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27Created 1954“...Catholic Church in Spain. Councils...”
Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
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28by Pacheco, Andres“...Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Seville (Spain)...”
Created 1623
Location: John M. Kelly Library, St. Michael's College
Internet Archive
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29by Palafox y Mendoza, Juan de, 1600-1659“...Spain. Sovereign (1759-1788 : Charles III)...”
Created 1845
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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31Created 1782“...Hermandad del Refugio (Madrid, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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32Created 1886“...Hermandad del Refugio (Madrid, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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33Created 1724“...Hermandad del Refugio (Madrid, Spain)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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34Created 1767“...Spain. Consejo Real de Castilla...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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35Created 1951“...Quintilla i Cardona (Barcelona, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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36Created 1845“...Spain. Consejo Real de Castilla...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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37by Vallejo, Juan de“...Centro de Estudios Históricos (Spain)...”
Created 1913
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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38Created 1963“...Amics dels Goigs (Barcelona, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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39Created 1979“...Congressus Mariologicus Internationalis Zaragoza, Spain...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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40Created 1967“...Sagrada Família (Church : Barcelona, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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41by Gutierrez de la Huerta, Francisco“...Spain. Consejo Real de Castilla...”
Created 1873
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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42by Flórez, Enrique, 1702-1773“...Real Academia de la Historia (Spain)...”
Created 1747
Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
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43Created 1744“...Spain. Sovereign (1700-1746 : Philip V)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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44Created 1744“...Spain. Sovereign (1700-1746 : Philip V)...”
Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
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45Created 1788“...Spain. Sovereign (1759-1788 : Charles III)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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46Created 1773“...Spain. Sovereign (1759-1788 : Charles III)...”
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
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47Created 2005“...Centro de Pastoral Litúrgica (Barcelona, Spain)...”
Location: Paul Bechtold Library, Catholic Theological Union
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48Created 1734“...Colegio de Niñas Huerfanas (Madrid, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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49Created 1781“...Colegio de Niñas Huerfanas (Madrid, Spain)...”
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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50by Diaz de Cossio, Pedro“...Archicofradía del Santísimo Sacramento (Madrid, Spain)...”
Created 1671
Location: Marian Library, University of Dayton
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