Francisco de Toledo
Francisco Álvarez de Toledo (Oropesa, 10 July 1515 – Escalona, 21 April 1582), also known as ''The Viceroyal Solon'', was an aristocrat and soldier of the Kingdom of Spain and the fifth Viceroy of Peru. Often regarded as the "best of Peru's viceroys", he is as often denounced for the negative impact his administration had on the Indigenous peoples of Peru.Toledo brought stability to a tumultuous viceroyalty of Spain and enacted administrative policies which changed the character of Spanish colonial rule and the relationship between the Indigenous peoples of the Andes and their Spanish overlords. With a policy called "reductions", Toledo forcibly relocated many of the Indigenous peoples of Peru and Bolivia into new settlements in order to enforce their Christianization, collect tributes and taxes, and gather Indigenous labor to work in mines and other Spanish enterprises. He has been condemned for the reductions, expanding the forced labor demanded of the Indigenous peoples under the mit'a of the Inca Empire, and executing Túpac Amaru, the last Inca chief of the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba.
Toledo held the position of viceroy from November 30, 1569, until 1 May 1581, a total of eleven years and five months. He has been praised as the "supreme organizer" of the immense viceroyalty, giving it a legal structure and strengthening institutions by which the Spanish colony functioned for more than two hundred years. Scholar John Hemming described Toledo as "one of the world's great colonial administrators". He also described him as "honest and honorable but cold and unfeeling...autocratic" and "with the temperament of an ascetic." Provided by Wikipedia
-
1by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
Created 1600
Book -
2
-
3
-
4
-
5by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
Created 1716
Book -
6
-
7
-
8by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
Created 1589
Book -
9
-
10by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Hesburgh Libraries, University of Notre Dame
Created 1642
Book -
11
-
12
-
13by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Created 1601
Book -
14by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Created 1583
Book -
15by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Created 1577
Book -
16by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Created 1630
Book -
17by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Created 1582
Book -
18by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Created 1580
Book -
19by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Created 1641
Book -
20by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Created 1580
Book -
21by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Created 1581
Book -
22by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Created 1611
Book -
23by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Created 1621
Book -
24by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: John M. Kelly Library, St. Michael's College
Created 1609
Book -
25by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: John M. Kelly Library, St. Michael's College
Created 1611
Book -
26
-
27by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: John M. Kelly Library, St. Michael's College
Created 1671
Internet Archive
Book -
28by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
Created 1583
Book -
29by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
Created 1869
Book -
30by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: John J. Burns Library, Boston College
Created 1599
Book -
31by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: University Libraries of CUA, Catholic University of America
Created 1609
Book -
32
-
33by Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596Location: Raynor Memorial Libraries, Marquette University
Created 1869
Book -
34by Molino, Francisco, d. ca. 1618Other Authors: “...Toledo, Francisco de, 1532-1596...”
Created 1617
Location: Cudahy Archives, Loyola University Chicago
Book