Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.378 billion baptized Catholics worldwide It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilization. The church consists of 24 ''sui iuris'' churches, including the Latin Church and 23 Eastern Catholic Churches, which comprise almost 3,500 dioceses and eparchies located around the world. The pope, who is the bishop of Rome, is the chief pastor of the church. The Diocese of Rome, known as the Holy See, is the central governing authority of the church. The administrative body of the Holy See, the Roman Curia, has its principal offices in Vatican City, a small independent city-state and enclave within the Italian capital city of Rome, of which the pope is head of state.The core beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed. The Catholic Church teaches that it is the one, holy, catholic and apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission, that its bishops are the successors of Christ's apostles, and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter, upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ. It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith taught by the apostles, preserving the faith infallibly through scripture and sacred tradition as authentically interpreted through the magisterium of the church. The Roman Rite and others of the Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic liturgies, and institutes such as mendicant orders, enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church.
Of its seven sacraments, the Eucharist is the principal one, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest, the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ. The Virgin Mary is venerated as the Perpetual Virgin, Mother of God, and Queen of Heaven; she is honoured in dogmas and devotions.|}} Catholic social teaching emphasizes voluntary support for the sick, the poor, and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church operates tens of thousands of Catholic schools, universities and colleges, hospitals, and orphanages around the world, and is the largest non-government provider of education and health care in the world. Among its other social services are numerous charitable and humanitarian organizations.
The Catholic Church has profoundly influenced Western philosophy, culture, art, literature, music, law, and science. Catholics live all over the world through missions, immigration, diaspora, and conversions. Since the 20th century, the majority have resided in the Southern Hemisphere, partially due to secularization in Europe and increased persecution in the Middle East. The Catholic Church shared communion with the Eastern Orthodox Church until the East–West Schism in 1054, disputing particularly the authority of the pope. Before the Council of Ephesus in AD 431, the Church of the East also shared in this communion, as did the Oriental Orthodox Churches before the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451; all separated primarily over differences in Christology. The Eastern Catholic Churches, who have a combined membership of approximately 18 million, represent a body of Eastern Christians who returned or remained in communion with the pope during or following these schisms for a variety of historical circumstances. In the 16th century, the Reformation led to the formation of separate, Protestant groups. From the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticized for its teachings on sexuality, its doctrine against ordaining women, and its handling of sexual abuse cases involving clergy.
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51by Catholic Church. Synodus EpiscoporumLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1982
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52by Catholic Church. Synod of BishopsLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1978
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53by Catholic Church in Belgium. Bishops.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1916
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54Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
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55by Catholic Church.; Archdiocese of Portland (Or.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1886 - 1948
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57by Catholic Church. Plenary Council of BaltimoreLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1885
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58by Catholic Church. Diocese of Hartford (Conn.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1892
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59by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Boston (MA)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1900
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60by Catholic Church. Diocese of Columbus (Ohio).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1904
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61by Catholic Church. Diocese of Columbus (Ohio).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1905
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62by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Boston (Mass.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1906
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63by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Baltimore (Md.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1908
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64by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1908
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65by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Cincinnati (Ohio)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1908
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66by Catholic Church. Sacred Congregation of the Council.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1907
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67by Catholic Church. Diocese of Crookston (Minn.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1911
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68by Catholic Church. Diocese of Crookston (Minn.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1912
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69by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1915
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70by Catholic Church. Diocese of Toledo (Ohio)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1915
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71by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1919
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72by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Chicago (Il.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1920
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73by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Baltimore (Md.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1920
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74by Catholic Church. Diocese of Crookston (Minn.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1921
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75by Catholic Church. Diocese of St. AugustineLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1924
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76by Catholic Church. Diocese of St. AugustineLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1925
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77by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Hartford (Conn.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1925
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78by Catholic Church. Diocese of Altoona (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1930
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79by Catholic Church. Diocese of St. Augustine.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1923
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80by Catholic Church. Diocese of St. Augustine.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1923
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81by Catholic Church. Diocese of St. Augustine.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1923
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82by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Tokyo (Japan)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1952
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83by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1901
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84by Catholic Church. Diocese of St. Augustine.Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1923
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85by Catholic Church, Diocese of New OrleansLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1844
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86by Catholic Church, Plenary Council of BaltimoreLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1853
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87by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1855
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88by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Baltimore (Md.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1865
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89by Catholic Church, Diocese of Pittsburgh (PA)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1870
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90by Catholic Church. Diocese of Nashville (Tenn.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1887
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91by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Dubuque (Iowa)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1888
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92by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1891
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93by Catholic Church. Diocese of Wilmington (Del.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1891
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94by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Cincinnati (Ohio)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1899
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95by Catholic Church. Diocese of Erie (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1893
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96by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Chicago (Ill.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1895?
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97by Catholic Church. Plenary Council of BaltimoreLocation: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1867?
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98by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Baltimore (Md.).Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1843
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99by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created 1897
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100by Catholic Church. Archdiocese of Philadelphia (Pa.)Location: PAHRC Library, Philadelphia Archdiocesan Historical Research Center (PAHRC)
Created c. 1934
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